Angle of Refraction Explained: In-Depth Examples, Equations, and Expert Insights

A science student is riding on a flat car roof train that is traveling at a constant speed of 10 mph on a straight horizontal track. The student throws a ball into the air along a path that he just made to make an initial angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal and to be in line with the track that the student's professor, who is standing nearby, observes the ball rising. How high does the ball rise vertically?