According to the article “Modeling and Predicting the Effects of Submerged Arc Weldment Process Parameters on Weldment Characteristics and Shape Profiles” (J. of Engr. Manuf., 2012: 1230–1240), the submerged arc welding (SAW) process is commonly used for joining thick plates and pipes. The heat affected zone (HAZ), a band created within the base metal during welding, was of particular interest to the investigators. Here are observations on depth (mm) of the HAZ both when the current setting was high and when it was lower. c. Does it appear that true average HAZ depth is larger for the higher current condition than for the lower condition? Carry out a test of appropriate hypotheses using a significance level of .01.
The article “Modeling Sediment and Water Column Interactions for Hydrophobic Pollutants” (Water Research, 1984: 1169-1174) assumes a uniform distribution over the interval (7.5, 20) as a model for depth (cm) of the bioturbation layer in sediment in a certain region. a. What are the average and spread of depth? b. What is the cdf of depth? c. What is the probability that observed depth is at most 10? Between 10 and 15? d. What is the probability that the observed depth is within 1 standard deviation of the mean value? Within 2 standard deviations?
Response rates to Web surveys are typically low, partially due to users starting but not finishing the survey. The factors that influence response rates were investigated in Survey Methodology (Dec. 2013). In a designed study, Web users were directed to participate in one of several surveys with different formats. For example, one format utilized a welcome screen witb a white background, and another format utilized a welcome screen with a red background. The "break-off rates," i.e., the proportion of sampled users who break off the survey before completing all questions, for the two formats are provided in the table.
a) Verify the values of the break-off rates shown in the table.
b) The researchers theorize that the true break-off rate for Web users of the red welcome screen will be lower than the corresponding break-off Tate for users of the white welcome screen. Give the null and alternative hypotbesis for testing this theory.
c) Conduct the test, part b, at
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